Measures

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity of highly purified antigens that have insufficient immunostimulatory capabilities. Some vaccines made from weakened or killed bacteria contain natural adjuvants that can help the body produce a strong protective immune response. However, most vaccines developed today contain only a small part of the bacteria, such as their proteins, rather than the entire virus or bacteria. Adjuvants contribute to the initiation of the innate immune response induced by antigens. Activated effectors (such as APC) then move to draining lymph nodes, where they direct the type, size, and quality of the adaptive immune response. Therefore, the correct match of antigens and adjuvants can enhance downstream adaptive immune responses, leading to the development of new and effective vaccines.